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Chapters 9, 11 &12

     Chapter 9 discussed the birth of a new religion- Islam. Muhammad was a man who fought to seek justice for the people who were victims of social injustices and inequalities. Muhammad would reflect and during one of his reflections the angel Gabriel appeared to him and he received revelations from him. Muhammad was a messenger for Allah, the one and only god in the Islamic religion. All of his messages were recorded in the Quran, which is the sacred scripture and the words of god. Allah means submission. The Islamic Faith follows 5 Pillars of Islam. The five pillars are:      1- there is only one god      2- prayer 5 times a day      3- almsgiving- charitable donations to help the less fortunate      4- the observation of Ramadan      5- the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime Membership grew quickly, this was attributed to the fact that Islam was a belief rather th...
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Chapter 22 and 23

End of an era and end of a book!!! Phew! Gandhi was a prominent political figure who started out as a lawyer and after he faced racism he began to fight back. He developed non-violent resistance strategies and his tactics earned him respect and he became a leader. His fundamental beliefs and his high moral regard were a fresh approach in the fight to equality. I have a hard time with the way he died. I find it ironic  that such a peaceful man who was innovative in his thinking and promotion of peace died violently, by assassination. Gandhi resisted peacefully and the fight for independence resulted in India becoming an Independent State as two separate parts- Muslim and Hindu India. In 1950 we saw another peaceful leader, Nelson Mandela in South Africa. He also protested in non-violent ways. His resistance caused him to be imprisoned. Political parties were now illegal. The problem was the Africans' Labor power in a white-controlled economy. The struggle for freedom from the w...
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Ch 19, 20, 21

  I found the Taiping uprising hypocritical. The leaders rejected Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism and implemented Christianity as their faith. Hong, the leader "proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus, sent to cleanse the world of demons to establish a "heavenly" kingdom of great peace." This mentality of establishing peace is the basis of Confucianism and the Mandate of Heaven. Therefore, it made no sends to me that the "brother of Jesus" was establishing peace in a society that was based on balance and peace.      In the Ottoman Empire the gender issues that were brewing were not directly addressed but they did open educational doors for women. Programs were established in Istanbul for Midwives, Secondary schools were established and later, a teacher training college. These programs were established to provide greater opportunities for women to strengthen the state. In 1908, the Turks established more reforms to benefit the greater good of th...
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