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Chapters 9, 11 &12

     Chapter 9 discussed the birth of a new religion- Islam. Muhammad was a man who fought to seek justice for the people who were victims of social injustices and inequalities. Muhammad would reflect and during one of his reflections the angel Gabriel appeared to him and he received revelations from him. Muhammad was a messenger for Allah, the one and only god in the Islamic religion. All of his messages were recorded in the Quran, which is the sacred scripture and the words of god. Allah means submission. The Islamic Faith follows 5 Pillars of Islam. The five pillars are:      1- there is only one god      2- prayer 5 times a day      3- almsgiving- charitable donations to help the less fortunate      4- the observation of Ramadan      5- the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime Membership grew quickly, this was attributed to the fact that Islam was a belief rather th...
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Chapter 22 and 23

End of an era and end of a book!!! Phew! Gandhi was a prominent political figure who started out as a lawyer and after he faced racism he began to fight back. He developed non-violent resistance strategies and his tactics earned him respect and he became a leader. His fundamental beliefs and his high moral regard were a fresh approach in the fight to equality. I have a hard time with the way he died. I find it ironic  that such a peaceful man who was innovative in his thinking and promotion of peace died violently, by assassination. Gandhi resisted peacefully and the fight for independence resulted in India becoming an Independent State as two separate parts- Muslim and Hindu India. In 1950 we saw another peaceful leader, Nelson Mandela in South Africa. He also protested in non-violent ways. His resistance caused him to be imprisoned. Political parties were now illegal. The problem was the Africans' Labor power in a white-controlled economy. The struggle for freedom from the w...
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Chapters 3-6

     In chapter three the beginning of stereotypes and the role of gender begins to take shape in a historical perspective. In Rome, being a warrior was glorified. Men who were strong and  had money were glorified. They were allowed to shift their power from the military to their home life. In private, the man was able dominate his home life. He had total control over his wife, children and his slaves. The total domination was so extreme, he was able to kill them if he choose to, and the state would not intervene. The women would support their men by producing sons and teach them "warrior " values. The only exception to this mentality was for Upper-Class Roman women. These affluent women had almost total control of their property and marital status. This demonstrates early on the roles of women and men and the gender biases we see in today's society.      As both Rome and China empires had been established there were many similarities between two plac...
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